60 años del voto de las mujeres
Parece increíble, pero en Colombia tenemos siempre la sensación de que pasan muchas cosas y de que otras tantas cambian y avanzan y a veces, también, cuando nos detenemos a repasar aspectos como el voto de las mujeres, como lo hemos estado haciendo por estos días con algunas congresistas y las amigas de la Casa de la Mujer, para preparar la conmemoración del 1 de diciembre y la exposición “Entre el derecho y la paridad: 60 años del voto de las mujeres en Colombia”, nos encontramos con hechos, frases, imágenes y sobre todo posturas políticas que parecieran haberse detenido en el tiempo.
Entre las 50 fotografías plasmadas en los titulares de los principales diarios de la época que cubrieron y siguieron la noticia del voto de las mujeres que se debatió entre 1954 en el marco de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente y que reconoció el derecho de las mujeres a participar electoralmente en 1957 cuando se dio el golpe de Estado de Rojas Pinilla y se convocó un plebiscito para refrendar el Frente Nacional, podemos apreciar claramente los temores y prejuicios de sus detractores más conservadores y” del pensamiento más liberal de algunas mujeres y sectores democráticos.
Aquí algunas perlitas para la memoria:
“(…) Los opositores sustentaron motivos de orden práctico, de costumbres y de prejuicios que deben eliminarse lenta y gradualmente, hasta que no tanto las mujeres cuanto los varones estén suficientemente preparados social, cultural y psicológicamente para que el sexo débil y el sexo fuerte puedan luchar a brazo partido en la palestra política (…)” (El Espectador en 1954).
“El voto y los derechos políticos se conceden a la mujer en forma total y absoluta, aun con los mismos riesgos y peligros que puede acarrear su presencia activa en las luchas y deliberaciones políticas y en las urnas de votación” (El Espectador 1954).
“Conocen sus deberes y sabrán ejercer sus derechos con inteligencia, sin perder sus atributos esencialmente femeninos y, como ellas mismas lo dicen, su intervención resultará benéfica para la república porque sabrán ser ciudadanas sin dejar de ser ante todo señoras de su hogar”, escribió la periodista Leonor Medina Murillo (El Espectador 1954).
Las mujeres participaron por primera vez con su voto durante el plebiscito de 1957 donde se les convocó a defender la paz y la patria. De acuerdo con datos de la Registraduría Nacional, 1.835.255 mujeres participaron con un porcentaje importante de 41.7%. “Voten, si tienen conciencia de que merecen tener derechos políticos iguales a los hombres; porque lo que van a votar es una reforma que establece esta igualdad. Voten, porque lo que van a votar implica las vías de la paz y el choque de las inteligencias, reemplazarán a los métodos bárbaros y al choque de la fuerza bruta”. (Darío Echandía. El Espectador, 1957).
“El voto de cada una de ustedes no vale gran cosa. El voto de todas ustedes tiene un altísimo, casi incontrastable poder de decisión sobre las vidas de sus compatriotas”. (Alberto Lleras, 1957).
La tensión entre el mundo político y el familiar era también evidente en ese entonces: ¿Y los hijos pequeños qué harán mientras sus madres actúan en las plazas públicas? pregunta Leonor Medina Murillo. Responde Lucía de Bernal Jiménez: “Cuando se tienen hijos pequeños, la mujer tiene primero la obligación de cuidar de ellos antes de ir a las plazas públicas y luego, como lo dice el Sumo Pontífice, las mujeres que deben dedicarse a la política son solamente aquellas que puedan hacerlo sin menoscabar con ello los deberes de familia” (1957).
Hoy al conmemorar 60 años de nuestro voto en Colombia, las mujeres seguimos con retos como los planteados por Esmeralda Uribe en 1954: “Hemos recibido los derechos políticos y nos encontramos frente a su ejercicio de una forma un poco desconcertada. No teníamos un programa preparado; no teníamos un plan especial para ingresar a la vida nacional (…) Vamos a depositar nuestro primer voto; vamos a ejercer el derecho político del sufragio por primera vez, y no lo vamos a ejercer para escoger un nombre, ni varios nombres, ni una lista, ni siquiera un partido: vamos a consignar nuestro primer voto por la salvación de Colombia”. Y hoy continuamos la lucha por ejercer el derecho a un voto libre, consciente, des-atado y de nuevo un voto que será decisivo para la paz.
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