La Ley de Economía del cuidado: del reconocimiento a la redistribución
Un estudio adelantado por el DANE entre los años 2007 y 2010 permitió develar que el promedio de carga total de trabajo, incluyendo actividades remuneradas y no remuneradas, adelantado por las mujeres fue de 72,4 horas semanales y de 61,6 horas semanales para los hombres. Estas 11 horas de mayor trabajo constatan no solo las dobles y triples jornadas que asumen muchas mujeres en Colombia, sino también la enorme invisibilidad que ha tenido el trabajo no remunerado que realizan en sus hogares.
La Ley 1413 del año 2010, iniciativa de las senadoras Cecilia López y Gloria Inés Ramírez, tiene como propósito reconocer el valor de las tareas del hogar, al incluir la llamada Economía del cuidado, en el sistema de cuentas nacionales, para cuantificar la contribución de las mujeres al desarrollo económico y social del país y, constituirse en una herramienta fundamental para la definición e implementación de política pública.
La Ley 1413 interpela un modelo de sociedad patriarcal, asimétrico y excluyente. Nos invita a «reflexionar» sobre nuestras maneras de habitar el espacio privado y público; a actuar sobre las implicaciones que trae para la vida de las mujeres, asumir dobles y triples jornadas diariamente; nos invita a evaluar los roles tradicionales de Proveedores y Cuidadores y también nos invita a repensar las prioridades sociales, culturales y económicas de una sociedad en torno al cuidado de la vida y su sostenibilidad.
Para producir una real transformación de cara a nuestro modelo de desarrollo y potenciar los efectos de la ley, considero necesario trabajar desde dos dimensiones que deben complementarse mutuamente: políticas de reconocimiento y políticas de redistribución. Las políticas de reconocimiento tienen relación con el impacto de la economía del cuidado en el ámbito privado. La valoración del trabajo de cuidado, por parte de la sociedad en su conjunto, propiciará el que hombres y mujeres lo asuman de forma corresponsable. Se trata de superar el modelo en que el cuidado de la infancia y del hogar es ante todo una responsabilidad femenina o, en el mejor de los casos, en que los hombres «ayudan» o «colaboran» con la mujer.
Las políticas de redistribución están íntimamente relacionadas con las anteriores y tocan de manera significativa las políticas sociales, las cuales impactan en mayor o menor medida las «cargas» de trabajo de cuidado que asumen principalmente las mujeres en Colombia. En primer lugar, políticas como la ampliación del cuidado para la primera infancia, la universalización de la educación preescolar, la jornada única para la educación primaria y secundaria constituyen, sin duda, prioridades en un modelo de sociedad que no solo privilegia la educación y sino que contribuye significativamente a las tareas de socialización que adelantan las familias. De igual manera, fortalecer las políticas públicas de salud significaría liberar la carga de trabajo de las mujeres, dado que la mercantilización y precariedad de estos servicios han implicado el que ellas hayan tenido que asumir, cada vez con mayor frecuencia, el cuidado de las y los enfermos en la casa.
En tercer lugar, una política de infraestructura urbana y de vivienda, que facilite a los nuevos hogares contar con las condiciones necesarias para la crianza y el cuidado, lo cual implica tener servicios de agua, alcantarillado, luz, gas. De igual forma el abaratamiento y dotación de electrodomésticos para el trabajo de cuidado en los hogares, sería fundamental, pues permite aliviar la vida a muchas cuidadoras y cuidadores, cuya única energía para el aseo en los hogares son sus propias manos, en un país que cuenta ya con una cobertura prácticamente universal de energía eléctrica.
Estas políticas de reconocimiento y redistribución ayudarían a una mayor valoración de los trabajos de cuidado, a una más justa distribución del tiempo libre entre mujeres y hombres y a una mejor posibilidad de combinar el trabajo de proveedor-proveedora con los trabajos de cuidador-cuidadora.
Calcular cuál es el PIB doméstico que aporta la economía del cuidado al desarrollo en Colombia será importante, pero si no logramos contribuir a transformar las valoraciones de la división sexual del trabajo, la tarea nos quedará incompleta.
Columna de opinión para el periódico La Patria
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